Simpson’s Paradox

Baseball is a game of statistics, but numbers can be deceiving. It’s possible for one batter to outperform another in both halves of the season and still receive a lower batting average:

First Half Second Half Total Season
Player A 4/10 (.400) 25/100 (.250) 29/110 (.264)
Player B 35/100 (.350) 2/10 (.200) 37/110 (.336)

This is an example of Simpson’s paradox, a mathematical quirk that arises occasionally in social science and medical statistics.

| Entertainment · Science & Math

Fedor Jeftichew

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fedor_Jeftichew_Jo-Jo_The_Dog-Faced_Boy.jpg

“Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy” was presented to sideshow audiences as a freak of nature, raised by a savage in a Russian cave and prone to barking and growling incoherently when upset.

In reality, Fedor Jeftichew was born in St. Petersburg in 1868, and he spoke Russian, German, and English. His appearance was due to a medical condition called hypertrichosis, or excessive hair growth, the same disorder that produces “bearded ladies.”

Jeftichew inherited the condition from his father, Adrian, who had performed in French circuses. When his father died, Fedor eventually signed with an American show, going on to tour Europe and the United States extensively. He died in Turkey in 1904.

| Oddities

Electric Chair

In 1898, Columbus prison inmate Charles Justice helped build and install Ohio’s only electric chair.

Justice finished his sentence and returned to society, but irony caught up with him. Thirteen years later he was back in prison, and on Nov. 9, 1911, he was executed in the same electric chair he had helped to build.

| Crime · Death · Oddities

Quine’s Typewriter

Harvard philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine typed all his work on an old 1927 Remington typewriter. He had customized it by replacing the 1, !, and ? keys with specialized mathematical symbols.

Someone once asked him how he managed to write without using a question mark.

“Well, you see,” he replied, “I deal in certainties.”

| Science & Math